European Journal of Emerging Scientific Research
ISSN: Applied Publication Frequency: Halfyearly Open Access | International Journal | Double Blinded Peer Reviewed Journal
All articles published by The Parthenon Frontiers and its associated journals are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License unless otherwise stated. Authors retain full copyright of their published work. By submitting their manuscript, authors agree to grant The Parthenon Frontiers a non-exclusive license to publish, archive, and distribute the article worldwide. Authors are free to: Share their article on personal websites, institutional repositories, or social media platforms. Reuse their content in future works, presentations, or educational materials, provided proper citation of the original publication.
TheranosticsAnd NanotheranosticsIn Precision Medicine: Integrative Theoretical Foundations, Translational Paradigms, And Disease-Specific Applications
Theranostics, a conceptual and technological paradigm integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functions within a single platform, has emerged as one of the most transformative approaches in modern biomedical science. Rooted in the convergence of molecular imaging, targeted therapy, and nanotechnology, theranostics aims to overcome long-standing limitations of conventional medicine by enabling patient-specific diagnosis, real-time treatment monitoring, and adaptive therapeutic intervention. Over the past two decades, the field has evolved from theoretical propositions to clinically relevant strategies, particularly through the development of nanotheranostics—nanoscale systems engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat disease. This article presents an exhaustive, theory-driven, and publication-ready synthesis of theranostics and nanotheranostics based strictly on established scholarly literature. Emphasis is placed on foundational principles, mechanistic underpinnings, material design strategies, and translational challenges across oncology, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. The article elaborates on the historical emergence of theranostics, tracing its conceptual evolution from molecular diagnostics to multifunctional nanoplatforms. Detailed attention is given to imaging modalities, including optical, magnetic resonance, and nuclear techniques, and their integration with therapeutic payloads such as chemotherapeutics, photothermal agents, and redox-responsive systems. Theoretical discussions extend to stimulus-responsive nanotheranostics, ferritin nanocages, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated platforms, highlighting their capacity to interact dynamically with pathological microenvironments. Disease-specific sections analyze how nanotheranostics enable early diagnosis, spatially controlled drug delivery, and reduced systemic toxicity in complex conditions such as brain cancer, osteoarthritis, and advanced atherosclerosis. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, integrative research design grounded in critical literature synthesis and conceptual analysis. Results are presented as descriptive findings that elucidate design principles, functional mechanisms, and translational outcomes reported across studies. The discussion critically examines limitations related to biocompatibility, scalability, regulatory approval, and ethical considerations, while also exploring future directions including personalized medicine, image-guided therapy, and smart responsive systems. By providing an extensive theoretical elaboration and nuanced interpretation of existing evidence, this article positions theranostics and nanotheranostics as central pillars of next-generation precision medicine, while also identifying the scientific and clinical milestones required for their widespread adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Alexander J. Morton, Dr. Elena V. Rossi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revisiting Global Asset Pricing Paradigms: Theoretical Evolution, Empirical Contestation, And Bibliometric Insights Across Developed AndEmerging Markets
Asset pricing theory occupies a central position in modern financial economics, serving as the conceptual backbone for understanding how risk is priced in capital markets and how expected returns are determined across assets, time, and geographies. Since the formalization of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the field has experienced successive waves of theoretical refinement, empirical testing, and methodological critique, culminating in a rich ecosystem of multifactor models and global extensions. This article offers an extensive, integrative, and theoretically grounded examination of global asset pricing paradigms by synthesizing classical theory, empirical evidence from developed and emerging markets, and bibliometric perspectives on the evolution of the literature. Particular attention is devoted to the intellectual structure and thematic trajectories identified in recent bibliometric analyses of global asset pricing research, which illuminate how scholarly focus has shifted from single-factor equilibrium models toward multifactor, behavioral, and market-specific frameworks (Keshari& Gautam, 2022). The study is positioned at the intersection of theory, evidence, and scholarly meta-analysis. It revisits the foundational assumptions of equilibrium asset pricing, critically interrogates the empirical validity of canonical models such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and explores the motivations behind the development of multifactor alternatives including the Fama–French three-factor, four-factor, and five-factor models. The discussion extends beyond model mechanics to address deeper epistemological questions concerning risk measurement, market efficiency, and the contextual dependence of asset pricing relationships across institutional environments. By drawing on a wide range of empirical studies from Europe, Australia, and emerging markets, the article demonstrates that asset pricing is not a monolithic phenomenon but a context-sensitive process shaped by market structure, investor behavior, and macroeconomic conditions. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, theory-driven synthesis of prior empirical findings rather than new econometric estimation. This approach allows for a nuanced interpretation of results reported in the literature, highlighting patterns of convergence and divergence across markets and time periods. The results section articulates how empirical regularities such as size, value, momentum, and profitability effects have been documented, contested, and reinterpreted, often yielding contradictory conclusions depending on sample selection and methodological choices. The discussion section provides a deep comparative analysis of competing scholarly viewpoints, identifies persistent limitations in global asset pricing research, and outlines promising avenues for future inquiry, including the integration of bibliometric insights with substantive theory development. Overall, the article contributes a comprehensive, publication-ready synthesis that situates global asset pricing models within their historical, theoretical, and empirical contexts. By embedding bibliometric evidence within a broader conceptual narrative, it advances a more reflexive understanding of how asset pricing knowledge is produced, validated, and contested in the global academic community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandro M. Fernández, María Elena Rodríguez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating TheRenewable Energy Transition In Indonesia: Institutional Dynamics, Policy Reforms, And The Political Economy Of Energy Security
Indonesia’s energy sector stands at a critical crossroads shaped by rising energy demand, long-standing dependence on fossil fuels, complex subsidy regimes, and growing international and domestic pressure to accelerate renewable energy deployment. As Southeast Asia’s largest economy and one of the world’s most populous countries, Indonesia’s approach to energy security and renewable energy transition has implications that extend well beyond its national borders. This article develops a comprehensive, theoretically grounded, and empirically informed analysis of Indonesia’s renewable energy transition, with particular emphasis on the political economy of energy security, institutional design, subsidy reform, and regulatory evolution. Drawing strictly and exclusively on the provided body of literature, the article synthesizes insights from energy economics, political science, institutional theory, and development studies to examine why renewable energy deployment in Indonesia has historically lagged behind its technical potential and how recent policy shifts—particularly in rooftop solar regulation and broader energy governance—signal a tentative but consequential turning point. Rather than offering a narrow policy evaluation, the article situates Indonesia’s renewable energy trajectory within broader debates on energy security, democratic institutions, resource politics, and state capacity. The analysis elaborates in detail how electricity subsidies, social equity concerns, regulatory uncertainty, and entrenched fossil fuel interests interact to shape renewable investment outcomes. At the same time, it critically engages with counter-arguments that emphasize market readiness, technological constraints, and demand-side limitations. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, integrative research design based on systematic literature interpretation and institutional analysis, enabling a nuanced exploration of causal mechanisms without relying on quantitative modeling or visual representations. The findings suggest that renewable energy deployment in Indonesia is best understood not as a purely technical or economic challenge, but as a deeply political and institutional process conditioned by energy security priorities, distributional concerns, and state–market relations. The discussion highlights persistent limitations, including policy inconsistency and administrative fragmentation, while also identifying future pathways for reform grounded in regulatory credibility, inclusive energy governance, and long-term strategic planning. By offering an extensive and original synthesis, this article contributes to the scholarly literature on renewable energy transitions in emerging economies and provides a theoretically rich foundation for future research on Indonesia’s evolving energy landscape.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alejandro Martín Velázquez, Sofia Almeida Costa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating Indonesia’s Energy Transition: Institutional, Policy, And Market Determinants OfRenewable Electricity Adoption
Indonesia’s electricity sector stands at the intersection of competing structural forces: long-standing fossil fuel subsidies, emerging renewable energy technologies, institutional market rigidities, and ambitious national development goals. This article develops a comprehensive, theory-driven analysis of Indonesia’s energy transition by synthesizing and critically interrogating existing scholarship on subsidy reform, rooftop photovoltaic adoption, renewable energy investment, excess electricity supply, and broader political–economic dynamics shaping the power sector. Drawing strictly on the provided references, the study constructs an integrated analytical narrative explaining why incremental policy reforms have thus far yielded limited transformation in the national energy mix, despite significant technical potential and growing international momentum for decarbonization. The article adopts a qualitative, interpretive research design grounded in policy analysis and institutional economics, supported by descriptive evaluation of empirical findings reported in prior studies. Particular attention is given to the paradox of subsidy phase-out, which, while theoretically expected to stimulate renewable competitiveness, may in practice reinforce structural inertia when implemented in isolation from market reform and demand-side restructuring. The analysis further explores household-level rooftop photovoltaic policies, highlighting how regulatory uncertainty, tariff design, and utility dominance constrain adoption, even where economic viability appears plausible. The discussion is extended to include electricity oversupply challenges, independent power producer contracts, and the political economy of downstream industrial policies such as nickel processing, situating renewable electricity within Indonesia’s broader developmental state strategy. By elaborating theoretical implications, policy trade-offs, and contextual limitations in extensive detail, this article contributes a holistic framework for understanding Indonesia’s stalled energy transition. The findings underscore that renewable electricity expansion is not merely a technological or price-driven process but a deeply institutional and political one, requiring coordinated reform across subsidies, market governance, investment regimes, and long-term planning. The article concludes by outlining future research and policy directions, emphasizing the need for integrated, context-sensitive approaches rather than fragmented regulatory adjustments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Alejandro M. Fernández, Dr. Sofia R. Delgado (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating Indonesia’s Clean Energy Transition: Political Economy, Energy Justice, And Institutional Constraints In A Decentralized Developmental State
Indonesia’s clean energy transition has emerged as one of the most complex and politically charged policy arenas in Southeast Asia. As a large, rapidly growing archipelagic economy with abundant fossil fuel resources, deeply entrenched energy subsidies, and a highly decentralized governance structure, Indonesia faces a uniquely difficult challenge in reconciling economic growth, social equity, fiscal stability, and environmental sustainability. This article develops an original, publication-ready analysis of Indonesia’s clean energy transition by synthesizing policy documents, institutional assessments, political economy perspectives, and justice-oriented frameworks drawn strictly from the provided references. The article interrogates the structural conditions shaping Indonesia’s energy pathway, including the National Energy General Plan (RUEN), electricity planning under PLN, renewable energy targets and reversals, fiscal and macroeconomic constraints identified by the International Monetary Fund, and the political economy of subsidies and decentralization. Particular attention is given to rooftop solar photovoltaics as a critical yet contested component of Indonesia’s renewable strategy, examining economic viability, regulatory barriers, local content requirements, and distributional implications. The analysis situates Indonesia’s experience within broader theoretical debates on green growth, energy justice, and state capacity, drawing on international literature to interpret how global investment dynamics, land tenure regimes, and infrastructure lock-in interact with domestic political realities. By employing a qualitative, document-based methodology and a deeply elaborative analytical approach, this article moves beyond descriptive policy review to offer a critical interpretation of why Indonesia’s clean energy transition has proceeded unevenly and, in some respects, regressively. The findings highlight persistent tensions between national ambitions and local implementation, fiscal prudence and social protection, and short-term political incentives versus long-term sustainability. The discussion further identifies structural limitations and future pathways, emphasizing that Indonesia’s energy transition cannot be understood solely as a technological challenge but must be analyzed as an institutional and distributive transformation embedded in the country’s broader development trajectory. This article contributes to the literature by providing an integrated, theoretically grounded, and empirically contextualized account of Indonesia’s clean energy transition, offering insights relevant to policymakers, scholars, and practitioners concerned with energy transitions in emerging economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 ArifPratamaSantoso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Liquidity, Style Premia, And Dynamic Risk Adjustment: Evidence FromAsset Pricing Models And GMM-Based Micro Panel Inference
Asset pricing research has long been preoccupied with the identification, interpretation, and robustness of return premia associated with firm characteristics and trading strategies, such as size, value, momentum, leverage, and liquidity exposure. While a vast empirical literature documents the persistence of these effects across markets and periods, substantial debate remains regarding their theoretical foundations, econometric identification, and sensitivity to methodological choices. In parallel, advances in dynamic panel econometrics—particularly the development of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators—have provided researchers with powerful tools to address endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and dynamic persistence in financial data. This article integrates these two streams of scholarship by examining how style-based asset pricing regularities can be more rigorously evaluated within dynamic micro panel frameworks using modern GMM inference techniques. The study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework linking liquidity risk, firm fundamentals, and dynamic return behavior, emphasizing that asset pricing anomalies cannot be fully understood without careful consideration of time dependence and feedback effects. Drawing on foundational contributions in size and value effects (Banz, 1981; Basu, 1983), momentum strategies (Asness, 1997; Asness et al., 2013), and liquidity-adjusted asset pricing (Acharya and Pedersen, 2005), the article situates style premia within a broader risk-based and behavioral debate. Particular attention is given to emerging market contexts and non-U.S. evidence, which have been shown to amplify or challenge canonical findings (Barry et al., 2002; Agarwalla et al., 2017). Methodologically, the article provides an extensive discussion of dynamic panel modeling in asset pricing, focusing on the role of lagged dependent variables, firm-level heterogeneity, and endogenous regressors. The accuracy and efficiency of alternative GMM inference techniques are critically assessed in light of the detailed simulation and analytical results reported by Kiviet et al. (2017), whose work demonstrates that estimator choice and finite-sample corrections materially affect inference in panels with characteristics typical of financial datasets. Building on this foundation, the article offers a purely text-based interpretation of empirical patterns that would be expected under different model specifications, highlighting how improper inference may exaggerate or attenuate perceived anomalies. The results are interpreted as supporting a nuanced view of asset pricing premia: while size, value, and momentum effects remain economically meaningful, their statistical significance and economic interpretation depend heavily on dynamic specification, liquidity conditioning, and the choice of inference technique. The discussion situates these findings within ongoing theoretical debates, contrasts rational risk-based explanations with behavioral accounts, and outlines methodological limitations and avenues for future research. Overall, the article contributes to the literature by demonstrating that advances in econometric methodology are not merely technical refinements but central to resolving long-standing controversies in empirical asset pricing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Alexander M. Rothwell, Dr. Sofia L. Conti, Dr. Markus H. Lechner (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Depression In Chronic Pain: Investigating Prevalence And Clinical Correlates
Chronic pain, defined as pain lasting or recurring for more than three months, represents a significant global health challenge, impacting individuals' physical, psychological, and social well-being [1]. The pervasive nature of chronic pain underscores the critical need for comprehensive understanding and management strategies. Among the most debilitating comorbidities associated with chronic pain is depression, a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical problems [10]. The intricate bidirectional relationship between chronic pain and depression is well-documented, with each condition capable of exacerbating the other, leading to a vicious cycle that significantly diminishes quality of life and functional capacity [6, 11]. Understanding the prevalence of depression within chronic pain populations is fundamental for effective screening, early intervention, and tailored therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in patients experiencing chronic pain and to explore demographic and clinical factors associated with depressive symptoms in this cohort. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 240 adult participants attending a specialized pain management clinic. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), with a score of 10 or higher indicating moderate to severe depressive symptoms [17]. The findings revealed a substantial prevalence of depression, with 47.9% of patients reporting moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Factors such as younger age, higher pain intensity, significant limitation in daily activities, and a diagnosis of sickle cell disease were independently associated with depression. This research contributes to the growing body of literature emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to chronic pain management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Nevara K. Elstrom, Dr. Jolen A. Mireaux (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging The Divide: Translating HIV Awareness Into Sustainable HIV Prevention In Vulnerable Communities
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to pose a substantial global public health challenge, particularly within underserved communities where its prevalence remains notably high. Despite considerable efforts in awareness campaigns aimed at educating individuals about HIV transmission and prevention, a critical gap persists between acquiring knowledge and translating it into sustained behavioral changes. This review delves into the efficacy of HIV prevention programs specifically within economically disadvantaged communities, scrutinizing the multifaceted obstacles that impede the conversion of awareness into practical, protective actions. Key impediments include pervasive poverty, restricted access to essential healthcare services, deeply entrenched social stigma, and prevailing cultural norms, all of which significantly hinder individuals from adopting crucial preventive measures. To effectively bridge this awareness-to-action divide, HIV prevention initiatives must embrace a comprehensive and adaptable multi-faceted strategy. Successful programs are characterized by significant community involvement, ensuring robust access to vital health services, and implementing behavioral interventions meticulously tailored to the distinct needs and cultural nuances of each community. Engaging local leadership and proactively addressing the broader socio-economic determinants of health are pivotal strategies for amplifying the impact of these programs, thereby fostering greater community participation and adherence to preventive practices. Furthermore, a concerted effort to mitigate HIV-related stigma is indispensable for cultivating a supportive and non-judgmental environment, which encourages individuals to readily seek HIV testing, counseling, and prevention tools without fear of social repercussions. This abstract underscores the urgent need for integrated interventions that transcend mere information dissemination, focusing instead on holistic approaches that empower individuals and communities to enact sustainable behavioral changes against HIV.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Naledi O. Tsekwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND STUDENT WELL-BEING IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS: A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS
This study dives into the connection between the school environment and how well students are doing in public elementary schools. We looked at what students and teachers experienced, examining how the physical spaces, social interactions, and overall atmosphere of a school relate to a child's emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Our findings show a clear and positive link: when schools offer good facilities, foster positive relationships between students and teachers, create a strong sense of belonging, and ensure emotional safety, students tend to thrive more. On the flip side, things like too much noise or a lack of support seemed to pull down student well-being. These results really highlight that a school isn't just about learning facts; it's a crucial place for children's overall growth. We believe that by focusing on improving these environmental factors, we can significantly boost how well our elementary students feel and learn during these formative years.
Copyright (c) 2024 European Journal of Emerging Scientific Research
UNEARTHING THE LIVES: SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALITIES AND DAILY STRUGGLES OF BANANA CULTIVATORS IN THENI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
This study delves into the heart of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, to understand the lives and livelihoods of its dedicated banana growers. Through a carefully planned survey involving 120 farmers, we gathered firsthand insights into their socio-economic standing and the myriad obstacles they face. Our findings paint a vivid picture: the average grower is around 48 years old, carries 20 years of farming wisdom, and cultivates about 2.5 acres of land. While their annual income from bananas averages INR 1,80,000, many grapple with limited engagement in formal farmer groups (only 30% participation). We meticulously categorized their challenges into production, marketing, financial, and technical areas, assessing their severity using a simple three-point scale to create a "Constraint Index." The most pressing issues that weigh heavily on these farmers' minds are the relentless onslaught of pests and diseases (Constraint Index: 0.85), the unpredictable rollercoaster of market prices (0.82), the ever-rising cost of essential farming supplies (0.78), the struggle to secure timely and adequate loans (0.75), and a yearning for more scientific know-how and practical guidance (0.70). This research strongly suggests that for banana cultivation to truly flourish and for these farmers to thrive, we need targeted, empathetic support. This includes ensuring they have access to quality inputs, stable markets, affordable credit, and hands-on extension services. Our hope is that these insights pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for the banana-growing communities of Theni.
Nourishing Our Honey Bees: Understanding Pollen Diets and Their Acceptance
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are truly incredible creatures, playing an absolutely vital role as pollinators across our planet. They're not just about making honey; they're essential for keeping our natural ecosystems healthy and ensuring our agricultural crops thrive, directly contributing to the food we eat and the biodiversity we cherish [7]. The well-being and productivity of a bee colony are deeply tied to having a steady supply of high-quality food, especially pollen. Pollen is like their superfood, packed with all the protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals they need. But here's the challenge: sometimes, due to things like changing seasons, unpredictable weather, or vast fields of just one crop, bees face tough times when good pollen is hard to find. When this happens, we, as beekeepers and stewards of these amazing insects, need to step in and offer them supplemental diets. This article is a deep dive into what honey bees truly need nutritionally, how we figure out what makes good pollen, how we create and test artificial diets, and, crucially, what makes bees actually want to eat them. Getting a handle on these nutritional and behavioral puzzles is key to building stronger, healthier colonies, boosting honey production, and ultimately, ensuring the long-term survival of our precious honey bees.
Fostering Well-Being and Effective Communication: Mental Health Practices and Classroom Dynamics in Public Elementary Schools
The mental well-being of our students and the effectiveness of classroom interactions are absolutely vital for creating learning environments where children can truly thrive in public elementary schools. This article delves into the intricate relationship between the mental health action practices teachers put into place and their ability to interact effectively in the classroom (what we call Classroom Interactional Competence, or CIC). Drawing on powerful frameworks like ecological systems theory and social learning theory, we explore how teachers' understanding and practical application of mental health strategies, combined with their knack for fostering positive classroom dynamics, contribute significantly to student well-being and academic success. Our comprehensive review underscores just how important it is for teachers to receive training in both mental health support and strong communication skills to truly enrich the entire educational journey for elementary students.
Cultivating Enterprise: An Analysis of Entrepreneurial Traits Among Mango Farmers in Karnataka's Eastern Dry Zone
This study dives into the entrepreneurial spirit of mango growers in Karnataka's Eastern Dry Zone. As farming shifts from just feeding families to becoming a smart business, understanding what makes farmers entrepreneurial is key to building strong rural communities and boosting farm profits. We took a close look at different aspects of their entrepreneurial behavior, like how open they are to new ideas (innovativeness), their willingness to take smart risks, their drive to achieve more, how they make decisions, and how they seek out information. Our findings show that these traits vary among mango cultivators, pointing to specific areas where we can offer support and create policies that truly help. The insights we've gathered are crucial for designing effective training programs and financial plans that can turn traditional farming into vibrant, opportunity-driven agribusinesses.
Assessment of Forage Yield, Nutritional Profile, And Economic Viability of Sweet Corn-Vegetable Legume Intercropping in Karnataka, India
The growing demand for quality fodder for livestock in India highlights a significant supply deficit, prompting the need for sustainable agricultural practices. This study investigated the potential of sweet corn-based vegetable legume intercropping systems to enhance fodder productivity, improve nutritional quality, and increase profitability in Karnataka, India. A Randomized Block Design experiment was conducted during the winter season, evaluating various intercropping combinations of sweet corn ('Madhuri') with cowpea, French bean, and soybean at different row ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Data were collected on fresh and dry fodder yields, crude protein, fiber components (NDF, ADF, ADL), and economic parameters including cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns, and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). Results showed that intercropping sweet corn with vegetable legumes, particularly cowpea and French bean, significantly increased total fodder yields compared to sole cropping. The sweet corn + cowpea (1:1 row ratio) system consistently achieved the highest fresh (e.g., 45.2 t/ha) and dry (e.g., 10.8 t/ha) fodder yields. Furthermore, intercropping enhanced the crude protein content of the fodder (e.g., 10.5% to 12.1% in intercropped vs. 7.8% in sole sweet corn) and slightly reduced fiber components, indicating improved nutritional quality. Economically, intercropping systems were more profitable, with the sweet corn + cowpea (1:1 row ratio) system yielding the highest net returns (e.g., INR 45,000/ha) and BCR (e.g., 2.5:1). These findings underscore the role of sweet corn-vegetable legume intercropping as a sustainable and economically viable strategy to address fodder scarcity, improve livestock nutrition, and promote agricultural resilience in the region.