ENERGY SECURITY AND NATIONAL RESILIENCE IN INDONESIA: A THEORETICAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS WITHIN THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRILEMMA FRAMEWORK

Abstract

Energy security has emerged as one of the most critical pillars of national resilience in the contemporary global system, particularly for developing and resource-dependent states. Indonesia, despite its historical status as an energy-rich country, has experienced a progressive erosion of its energy security position over the past two decades. This article provides an extensive, theory-driven, and policy-focused analysis of Indonesia’s energy security challenges by integrating global energy security frameworks with national empirical realities. Anchored in the World Energy Council’s Energy Trilemma framework, this study examines the dimensions of energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability as they apply to Indonesia’s evolving energy landscape. Drawing strictly on the provided references, the article situates Indonesia’s experience within both international security studies and domestic policy developments, including the country’s transition from oil exporter to net oil importer, persistent reliance on fossil fuels, structural inefficiencies in energy governance, and regulatory responses through national energy policy instruments. Through a qualitative, descriptive, and interpretive methodological approach, the study demonstrates that Indonesia’s declining performance in regional energy security rankings is not merely a function of resource scarcity but is deeply embedded in institutional design, policy implementation gaps, geopolitical vulnerability, and competing development priorities. The article further engages with securitization theory to conceptualize energy as a non-traditional security issue, highlighting how energy insecurity intersects with economic stability, fiscal risk, environmental degradation, and social welfare. By offering an extensive discussion of findings, theoretical implications, limitations, and future research directions, this article contributes to both the academic literature on energy security and the policy discourse on sustainable energy governance in Indonesia and comparable emerging economies.